CSS必知必会
CSS概念
css的使用是让网页具有统一美观的页面,css层叠样式表,简称样式表,文件后缀名.css
css的规则由两部分构成:选择器以及一条或者多条声明
选择器:通常是需要改变的HTML元素
声明:由一个属性和一个值组成,每个属性有一个值,属性和值使用类似key:value的形式(如下方h1就是选择器,color就是属性,rebeccapurple就是值,属性和值成为一条声明)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> h1{ color: rebeccapurple; font-size: 10px; } </style> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome CSS</h1> </body> </html>
CSS的引入
行内样式:在需要改变的标签内使用style属性,让style属性包含任何css的属性
注:缺点是缺乏整体统一性,不利于维护
<h1 style="background-color: blueviolet; font-size: 20px;">Welcome CSS</h1>
内部样式,在单个文档需要的特殊样式,如上方css概念中的例子,在文档头部使用style标签增加样式
注:可以让单个页面css代码具有统一性,但多个页面容易混乱
外部样式:当样式应用于多个页面,外部样式在每个需要使用的页面通过link标签链接到样式表。link标签在文档头部
建立一个public.css文件,写外部样式
p{
color: aquamarine;
font-size: 20px;
}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./public.css"> </head> <body> <p>产品</p> </body> </html>
选择器
全局选择器:优先级最低,一般做初始化样式
*{
color: blue;
}
用通配符 *
元素选择器:选择页面所有相同类型标签,用于描述这些类型的共性,无论这个标签藏的多深都能被选择上
HTML文档中的p、div、img等等标签
p{
color: blue;
}
类选择器:用圆点.来定义,针对相同类的标签,类名不能用数字开头,同一个标签可以使用多个类选择器,用空格隔开
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> .classone{ color: red; font-size: 30px; } .classtwo{ background-color: black; height: 100px; } </style> </head> <body> <h1 class="classone classtwo">标题</h1> </body> </html>
ID选择器:针对特定id标签来使用,只能使用一次,用#来定义,不能用数字开头
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> #mytext{ color: red; } </style> </head> <body> <p id="mytext">文本</p> </body> </html>
合并选择器:多个标签提取共同样式,减少重复代码
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> #mytext,.mytitle{ color: red; } .mytitle{ background-color: black; } </style> </head> <body> <p id="mytext">文本</p> <h1 class="mytitle">标题</h1> </body> </html>
选择器优先级:行内样式 > ID选择器 > 类选择器 > 元素选择器
字体属性
包括颜色、大小、加粗、文字样式
颜色
<p style="color: red;">字体颜色</p> <p style="color: #fff000;">字体颜色</p> <p style="color: rgb(0,0,0);">字体颜色</p> <p style="color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);">字体颜色</p>
大小
<p style="color: red;font-size: 30px;">字体颜色</p>
粗细
数值范围100-900,400是默认值,700等同于bold
<p style="font-weight: bold;">字体颜色</p> <p style="font-weight: bolder;">字体颜色</p> <p style="font-weight: lighter;">字体颜色</p> <p style="font-weight: 900;">字体颜色</p>
文字样式
<p style="font-style: normal;">字体颜色</p> <p style="font-style: italic;">字体颜色</p> <p style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans', Arial, sans-serif;">字体颜色</p>
背景属性
属性 | 值 |
background-color
|
背景颜色 |
background-image
|
背景图片 |
background-positio
|
图片位置 |
background-repeat
|
图片填充 |
background-size
|
图片大小 |
属性 | 值 |
repeat | 默认值 |
repeat-x | 水平方向平铺 |
repeat-y | 垂直方向平铺 |
no-repeat | 不平铺 |
background-size :可以使用数值设置宽度和高度,也可以使用百分比,最常用的是两个值cover(保持图片横纵比将图片覆盖背景最小大小),contain(保持图片横纵比将图片覆盖背景最大大小)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> .box1,.box2{ width: 600px; height: 600px; } .box1{ background-image: url(./u=1175012548\,1449685026&fm=253&fmt=auto&app=138&f=JPEG.webp); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; } .box2{ background-color:rebeccapurple; background-position: left top; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1">背景1</div> <div class="box2">背景2</div> </body> </html>
文本属性
文本对齐方式:居中、靠左、靠右
<h1 style="text-align: center;">h1</h1> <h2 style="text-align: left;">h2</h2> <h3 style="text-align: right;">h3</h3>
文本添加下划线、上划线和删除线
<h1 style="text-decoration: underline;">h1</h1> <h2 style="text-decoration: overline;">h2</h2> <h3 style="text-decoration: line-through;">h3</h3>
文本大小写
<h1 style="text-transform: capitalize;">h1</h1> <h2 style="text-transform: uppercase;">h2</h2> <h3 style="text-transform: lowercase;">h3</h3>
首行文本缩进
<h1 style="text-transform: capitalize; text-indent: 100px;">h1</h1>
表格边框、颜色、边框折叠
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> table,td{ border: 1px solid red; } table{ border-collapse: collapse<!-- 折叠边框 -->; padding: 20px; } </style> </head> <body> <table> <tr> <td>单元格</td> <td>单元格</td> <td>单元格</td> </tr> <tr> <td>单元格</td> <td>单元格</td> <td>单元格</td> </tr> <tr> <td>单元格</td> <td>单元格</td> <td>单元格</td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
关系选择器
后代选择器:所有所有被A包含的B元素,用空格分开A B{ }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> ul li{ color: #fff000; } </style> </head> <body> <ul> <li>A</li> <li>B</li> </ul> </body> </html>
子代选择器:只对所有A标签的直接子标签B起作用,A>B{ }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> div>span{ color: #fff000; } </style> </head> <body> <div> <span>A</span> <h1><span>B</span></h1> <span>C</span> </div> </body> </html>
相邻兄弟选择器:选择紧跟A标签后的B元素,选择向下相邻的第一个兄弟元素, A+B{ }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> span+p{ color: #fff000; } </style> </head> <body> <div> <span>A</span> <p>B</p> <p>C</p> </div> </body> </html>
通用兄弟选择器:选择A之后的所有兄弟元素B作用多个,A~B{ }
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> span~p{ color: #fff000; } </style> </head> <body> <div> <span>A</span> <p>B</p> <p>C</p> </div> </body> </html>
盒子模型
css的盒子包括外边距(margin),边框(border),内边距(padding),实际内容(content)
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> div{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: yellow; padding: 50px 10px; border: 5px solid red; margin: 80px; } </style> </head> <body> <div> content </div> </body> </html>
弹性盒子模型
弹性盒子是由弹性容器和弹性子元素组成,弹性容器通过设置display属性值为flex来定义弹性容器,弹性盒子只对弹性子元素生效
通过flex-direction来设置子元素在容器中的位置(默认水平排列)row左对齐;row-reverse翻转右对齐;column纵向排列;column-reverse翻转纵向排列
子元素可以通过flex来分配空间
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> .container{ width: 500px; height: 500px; background-color: black; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; } .box1,.box2,.box3{ width: 100px; height: 100px; } .box1{ background-color: red; flex: 10%; } .box2{ background-color: yellow; flex: 30%; } .box3{ background-color: blue; flex: 60%; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="container"> <div class="box1"></div> <div class="box2"></div> <div class="box3"></div> </div> </body> </html>
浮动
增加一个浮层来放置内容
float的值 | 值描述 |
left | 向左浮动 |
right | 向右浮动 |
浮动以后相当于在页面增加一个浮层来放置内容
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> .box1{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; float: left; } .box2{ width: 200px; height: 200px; background-color: yellow; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"></div> <div class="box2"></div> </body> </html>
清除浮动
浮动元素会造成父元素高度塌陷,如下方例子,不设置父元素的高度,浮动就无法把父元素撑起来
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> .box1{ width: 200px; background-color: red; } .box2{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: yellow; float: left; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"> <div class="box2"></div> </div> </body> </html>
解决方案可以设置父元素的高度,也可以通过清除浮动,通过在父标签加overflow:fidden
.box1{
width: 200px;
background-color: red;
overflow: hidden;
clear: both;
}
除了造成父元素塌陷,同样也会影响后续元素,例子如下,我们同样无法看到box3,因为被浮动的box2遮挡
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> .box1{ width: 200px; background-color: red; overflow: hidden; clear: both; } .box2{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: yellow; float: left; } .box3{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: black; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"> <div class="box2"></div> <div class="box3"></div> </div> </body> </html>
解决方法就是,在需要处理的地方加上clear:both
.box3{
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: black;
clear: both;
}
定位
position的值 | 值描述 |
relative | 相对定位 |
absolute | 绝对定位 |
fixed | 固定定位 |
设置后可以通过left、top、right、bottom来调整,每用一个position就会增加一个浮层:
固定定位是不会随着页面移动变动位置的,永远在固定位置
相对定位和绝对定位是根据具有定位的父元素进行定位的,如果父级没有定位就会根据页面来定位
相对定位是不脱离文档流的,绝对定位和固定定位都是脱离文档流的
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> div{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; position: relative; left: 100px; top: 100px; } .box1{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: black; position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 300px; } </style> </head> <body> <div></div> <div class="box1"></div> </body> </html>
调整位置顺序通过z-index,如下方例子,原本是黑色遮盖红色,如果想调整为红色在上,只需要增加z-index
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <style> div{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: red; position: relative; left: 100px; top: 100px; } .box1{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: black; position: absolute; left: 100px; top: 100px; } </style> </head> <body> <div></div> <div class="box1"></div> </body> </html>
z-index大的值在上方
div{
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: red;
position: relative;
left: 100px;
top: 100px;
z-index: 2;
}
.box1{
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
background-color: black;
position: absolute;
left: 100px;
top: 100px;
z-index: 1;
}
新特性
圆角特性:使用属性border-radius
规则:
一个值:四个圆角值相同
两个值:第一个值表示左上和右下的值,第二个值是右上和左下
四个值:第一个值左上,第二个值右上,第三个值右下,第四个值左下
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./public.css"> <style> .box1,.box2,.box3{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: black; margin: 100px; } .box1{ border-radius: 80%; } .box2{ border-radius: 50px 100px; } .box3{ border-radius: 10px 20px 30px 50px; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1">box1</div> <div class="box2">box2</div> <div class="box3">box3</div> </body> </html>
阴影
box-shadow的值 | 描述 |
h-shadow | 水平阴影位置 |
v-shadow |
垂直阴影位置 |
blur | 模糊距离 |
color |
阴影颜色 |
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./public.css"> <style> .box1,.box2,.box3{ width: 100px; height: 100px; background-color: black; margin: 100px; } .box1{ box-shadow: 10px 10px 100px red; } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"></div> </body> </html>
动画
使元素从一种样式逐渐变成另一种样式的效果
用百分号或者关键词from和to来规定发生的时间
animation的值 | 描述 |
name | 动画名称 |
duration | 动画持续时间 |
timing-function | 动画效果的速率 |
delay | 延迟执行 |
iteration-count | 循环次数,infinite为无限次数 |
direction | 动画播放的方向 |
animation-play-state | 控制动画的播放状态 |
box1设置一个鼠标滑动过去动画暂停
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./public.css"> <style> .box1{ width: 100px; height: 200px; background-color: green; animation: myAnimation 5s linear 0s infinite ; } .box2{ width: 100px; height: 200px; background-color: pink; animation: mySecAnim 5s linear 0s infinite ; } .box1:hover{ animation-play-state: paused; } @keyframes myAnimation{ from{ background-color: red; } to{ background-color: black; } } @keyframes mySecAnim{ 10%{ background-color: rebeccapurple; } 50%{ background-color: blue; } 100%{ background-color: gray; } } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"></div> <div class="box2"></div> </body> </html>
呼吸效果展示
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./public.css"> <style> .box1{ width: 100px; height: 200px; margin: 100px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: green; box-shadow: 10px 10px 40px black; animation: breathe 5s linear 0s infinite alternate; } .box1:hover{ animation-play-state: paused; } @keyframes breathe { 10%{ opacity: 0.2; box-shadow: 10px 10px 40px green; } 50%{ opacity: 0.5; box-shadow: 10px 10px 40px pink; } 100%{ opacity: 1; box-shadow: 10px 10px 40px gold; } } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"></div> </body> </html>
媒体查询
根据页面大小展示不同页面
如下根据不同页面大小显示不同颜色和不同标签
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="./public.css"> <style> .box1{ width: 100px; height: 200px; margin: 100px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: green; box-shadow: 10px 10px 40px black; } @media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .box1{ background-color: red; } .p1{ display: none; } .p2{ display: none; } } @media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width:996px){ .box1{ background-color: aqua; } .p1{ display: none; } .p2{ display: block; } } @media screen and (min-width: 996px) { .box1{ background-color: peru; } .p1{ display: block; } .p2{ display: block; } } </style> </head> <body> <div class="box1"></div> <p class="p1">p标签1</p> <p class="p2">p标签2</p> </body> </html>